This is the first of a series of posts designed to bust the myths created by the Treaty of Waitangi grievance industry — myths shamelessly presented as truths by your government.
If you think it rude of me to expose these facts, tough. If conmen are going to tell lies about my forefathers, I’m going to tell the truth about theirs.
Much of what you see below is distilled from New Zealand in Crisis by Ross Baker of the One New Zealand Foundation.
In the plainest English I could muster, here is the boiled-down background to the drafting and signing of the Treaty:
c.1350 — Maori meet the tangata whenua
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Maori history tells of seven canoes arriving from Hawaiki in around 1350AD.
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They find New Zealand already inhabited by people they call the tangata whenua.
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Maori historian Dr Ranginui Walker confirms: “The traditions are quite clear: wherever crew disembarked there were already tangata whenua (prior inhabitants).”
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These first inhabitants are either driven into extinction or merge with the tangata Maori (just as the tangata Maori have merged with the Pakeha).
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Ranginui Walker: “The canoe ancestors of the 14th century merged with these tangata whenua tribes.”
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Thus Maori are not indigenous to New Zealand.
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Nor are they the tangata whenua — the first people here.
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Indigenous means here from the start — like the aborigines who’ve been in Australia for 40,000 years.
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Maori have been here only about 650 years — only 300 years longer than Europeans.
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Maori have never been a united people, with a long history of inter-tribal bloodletting.
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Ranginui Walker: “From this time on [the 14th century] , the traditions abound with accounts of tribal wars over the land and its resources”.
1771 — fighting with Frenchmen
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In 1771 in the Bay of Islands, Maori kill Marion du Fresne and 24 of his party for ignoring wahi tapu when fishing.
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In retaliation, du Fresne’s crew kill 250 Maori and torch their village.
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Ever since, the Maori are afraid of the French.
1820-30 — Maori slaughter 20-60,000 fellow Maori
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By 1820, the Maori v Maori Musket Wars have been raging for around 15 years. They will go on for about another 25 years.
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There are around 500 battles in all.
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In 1820, Ngapuhi chief Hongi Hika sails to England.
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He asks the King for muskets. The King declines, but presents him with other gifts.
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In Sydney on the way home, he trades all the King’s gifts for 300 muskets and gunpowder.
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He then leads his tribe on a rampage south. They slaughter 20-60,000 of their defenceless countrymen, out of a total Maori population of 100-120,000. With up to half the population wiped out, it has been called the world’s worst holocaust.
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In one attack on the Tamaki pa, Ngapuhi kill more men, women and children than are killed in the whole 27 years of the 1845-72 Land Wars.
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By 1830 the southern tribes have armed themselves with muskets and are planning to head north for revenge.
1831 — Waikato annihilate Taranaki, who slaughter the Moriori
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The Waikato travel south and attack the Taranaki tribes.
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They kill one-third and enslave another third. The remaining third flees south to the Wellington area.
1831 – Northern chiefs ask King for protection
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In 1831, it’s rumoured that the French naval vessel La Favourite intends to annex New Zealand to France.
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The French would have two reasons for doing this: as further payback for the killing of du Fresne and his crew; and to protect the French now living in Hokianga.
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The natives decide to place a British flag on the mission flagstaff. They reason that if the French tear it down, the missionaries will appeal to Britain for protection.
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Thirteen northern chiefs write to the King of England, asking him to protect them.
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They tell the King they only trust the British: “It is only thy land which is liberal towards us”.
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They reveal their fear of the French: “We have heard that the tribe of Marian [the French] is at hand, coming to take away our land”.
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They ask the King to guard their lands from other tribes and nations: “Therefore we pray thee to become our friend and the guardian of these islands, lest the teasing of other tribes should come near us, and lest strangers should come and take away our land”.
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At the time there are no property rights. To the Maori, might is right — they hold their land only as long as they can defend it.
- The King acknowledges the chiefs’ request by sending a British Resident, James Busby, to New Zealand in 1833.
1835 – Declaration of Independence
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New Zealand-built ships are sailing to Sydney.
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These ships are not registered, so have no flag to sail under.
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So James Busby introduces to the northern tribes a Declaration of Independence.
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This gives them a form of identity, and a flag under which New Zealand ships can be registered.
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In 1835, thirty-four Ngapuhi chiefs sign the Declaration of Independence.
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This declares their territories independent states. It states they will meet in Congress each year.
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The annual Congress is meant to make laws to dispense justice, preserve peace and good order, and regulate trade.
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But, as always, inter-tribal fighting takes precedence over political co-operation.
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The Declaration is abandoned without one Congress meeting being held.
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The Declaration can’t give full sovereignty, as the chiefs can’t form a united working government.
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Tribes only have power over their territories as long as they can defend them.
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No united political structure exists in New Zealand at this time.
What historians say about the Declaration of Independence
Claudia Orange:
“Even though the declaration asserted sovereignty, Maori, who saw themselves as tribal rather than as members of a nation, would have been unable to exercise full rights as an independent state, there was no indigenous political structure upon which to base a united congress.
“However, it did introduce Maori to the idea of a legal relationship with Britain and therefore, five years later, to the Treaty of Waitangi”.
Michael King:
“The Declaration had no reality, since there was in fact no national indigenous power structure within New Zealand”.
King also pointed out that some of the United Tribes were at war with one another within a year of signing the Declaration.
Paul Moon:
“The Declaration represented a regional goodwill agreement rather than a national document of truly constitutional significance”.
1835 — Maori massacre Moriori in Chathams.
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In 1835, 900 of the Taranaki (Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama) who flee to Wellington, want to avoid being harassed further.
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They commandeer the brig Rodney and sail in two trips to the Chatham Islands.
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Many are sick when they arrive, and are nursed back to health by the peace-loving Moriori.
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When they recover, and for the next seven years, the Maori slaughter or farm the Moriori to near-extinction.
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Historian Michael King: “They were laid out touching one another, the parent and the child. Some women had stakes thrust into them; they were left to die in misery. The rest farmed like sheep over the next few years into virtual extinction”.
1837 – Call for better government
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In 1837, inter-tribal fighting worsens in many parts of New Zealand.
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Busby can do little to stop it, as he has no forces.
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The settlers, traders and 192 chiefs want more official commitment. They appeal to Britain for a better type of Government.
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As inter-tribal fighting worsens, the Maori population plummets.
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Musket- and goods-hungry Maori are selling vast tracts of their land to land-hungry Europeans.
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Britain is twice asked (in 1831 and 1835), and twice promises, to protect the people and their property.
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To bring law and order to both Maori and non-Maori, Britain is obliged to take more control.
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To do this legally, they need to make New Zealand a British Colony.
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To make New Zealand a colony, Britain has to get the chiefs’ consent to sovereignty over the whole land.
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For two years, the Colonial Office debates the best way to become involved in New Zealand. The British don’t really want another colony.
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With extreme reluctance, the Colonial Office sends out William Hobson, a highly ranked Officer in the British Navy.
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Hobson’s job is to negotiate a treaty with the chiefs that will give Britain sovereignty over the whole land.
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That treaty will give Britain the legal right to set up a government.
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A government will bring law, order and protection. It may investigate and settle land sales, titles and disputes.
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The government will act for all the people of New Zealand, settler and Maori alike.
Next: the drafting and signing of the Treaty.
UPDATE: It’s taking me longer than expected to gather my evidence for Part 2. (There’s just so much of it, and I’m also contending with a family illness.)
For now, I urge you to click on the Comments thread below. It has attracted some experts in the field who have spent decades studying this subject. I’m finding their contributions enlightening.